The present monograph is a contribution to the discussions about overcoming, or at least limiting, the neoclassical dominance. Its preparation is based on the results of the research program „Classical Line in Modern Economic Theory“, implemented at the Institute for Economic Research of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) with the institutional participation of the University of National and World Economy (UNWE) and with the individual participation of scientists from BAS, UNWE and other universities in the country. The issues covered in the monograph are divided into eleven chapters, which in turn are grouped into four parts: • Philosophical foundations and methodology of economic theory and of the classical line in it. • A critical approach to neoclassical dominance. The theory outside the realm of neoclassical economics: identification. The classical line in the modern economic theory: self-identification. • Production, distribution, economic growth and functioning of the economy. • Public environment of the economy. Natural environment. The triad “nature – society – economy“. Sustainable development in the paradigm of the classical line.