The monograph is a continuation and further development in military terms of the book Space and Security, written by the same author in 2014, focusing on military space activities in near space. It is structured in six chapters. A definition of military cosmonautics is proposed. Its main tasks and basic concepts are formulated, as well as its legal aspects. Definitions are given and classifications are made of military space and aerospace systems, including "Air Launch". Their properties are defined. The views of a number of countries on military activities in space are discussed. Space reconnaissance systems and dual-use commercial satellite surveillance systems are updated. Contemporary trends in the commercialization of space are formulated, revealing new directions for the development of military space systems, including the use of small satellites. The publication will be useful for specialists involved in the country's security and defense system, as well as for a wider readership with an interest in military space.