The book provides an overview of demographic developments in European countries since World War II, with most of the data covering the period from 1960 to the present. The aim is to highlight the specific characteristics of Eastern Europe. Trends in fertility, mortality, and population aging are examined in detail. Each of these demographic processes is presented through a series of indicators and specific demographic methods for studying demographic dynamics. Original typologies of European countries are presented based on key demographic indicators, as well as on combinations of indicators. The analysis leads to the conclusion that there are significant differences between Eastern and Western Europe—in all three demographic processes examined (fertility, mortality, and demographic aging) and their components. The statistical-demographic analysis is accompanied by a sociological commentary on the factors that have shaped the observed specificities in the regions of Europe. An attempt is made to determine Bulgaria’s place within the contemporary demographic processes on the continent.