The anthropological characteristics of children and adolescents, including the development of the maxillofacial region across different age periods, provide a more comprehensive picture of the specifics of their physical development. It is an essential element for identifying patterns in their growth and development and for monitoring their health, because a child’s rapidly growing body serves as an indicator of the nature and intensity of the impact of environmental factors on it. During periods of growth and development, it is necessary to account for deviations from the norms of physical development for a given age. Through the timely detection of such deviations and the implementation of appropriate measures, the progression of a number of diseases into chronic conditions can be prevented.